The overall yield generally rises as pod weight increases and vice versa. The total number of pods, dry pod weight, and hundred seed weight are essential agronomic traits since they are positively related to the overall yield. Hence, expanding research in this area may be prudent since it will provide a source of low-cost input and higher economic returns. reported that the yield of Bambara groundnut varied from 0.97 ton/ha to 3.12 ton/ha, though it has the ability to produce a higher yield up to 4 to 5 ton/ha under optimum conditions and standard cultivation procedures. One of the reasons for Bambara groundnut's low yield is the usage of local landraces. Despite more diverse nutritional sources, breeding techniques for Bambara groundnut are not as advanced as those for peanut, chickpea, and soybean. Protein (19%), carbohydrates (63%), lipids (6.5%), and essential amino acids are all abundant in the seeds of Bambara groundnut. As an underdeveloped crop, they may have a promising future in mitigating world food demand, particularly in Africa and Asia. The adoption of modern technologies is projected to play a significant role in the development of the underutilized Bambara groundnut in order to boost production and feed the world's most hungry and starving communities. The existing farming method focused on intense cultivation of established crops which will be practically insufficient to provide food and nutrition security. The world's food consumption is rising as the world's population continues to rise. , it originated in West Africa and is now a popular meal throughout Africa, able to reduce hunger, increase food safety, promote agricultural livelihoods, and assist in long-term land-use design. The Bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea (L) Verde.) is a tropical legume with subterranean pods that belongs to the Fabaceae family and the Faboideae subfamily and is the third most important food legume after groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.). We discovered 30 promising lines that provide yields per hectare more than 1.8 ton/ha and might be used as parental lines in future breeding operations aimed at improving the grain yield in tropical areas or comparable agroecological zones. The PCA biplot estimated that PC1 (32.9%) and PC2 (12.9%) would cover 45.8% of the total variance. The UPGMA clustering revealed five distinct clusters in which genotypes under cluster I, cluster II, and cluster IV produce a greater yield of 5.96%, 7.12%, and 15.05%, respectively, than the grand mean yield of 1927.01 kg/ha. Interestingly, these traits had heritability ≥ 60% and genetic gain ≥ 20%, which can be beneficial for direct selection to this crop improvement. fresh pod weight, hundred seed weight, dry pod weight, and dry seed weight. Yield per hectare showed a positively strong to perfect significant correlation (0.75 ≤ r ≤ 1.00 p ≤ 0.01) with the yield components viz. All of the investigated variables had a significant variance ( p ≤ 0.05 or 0.01) according to the ANOVA results. The data were subjected to ANOVA, PCA, correlation, and heat map cluster analysis also, genetic parameters and broad-sense heritability estimation were carried out on recorded phenotypic descriptors. Three replications were used in the experiment, which was done using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Consequently, the goal of this work is to determine genetic diversity and the relationship between yield-contributing components in 44 Bambara groundnut accessions sourced from the Genebank of Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security (ITAFoS) at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). The expansion of this crop is reliant on the assessment and selection of unique and reliable breeding lines in various circumstances. This crop's progress has been limited owing to a lack of extensive research, marginalization, inadequate knowledge, and a lack of accessible funds, among other concerns. It has become a “miracle lucrative” legume for Asia and Africa because of its drought resilience, excellent nutritional profiles, and versatile uses. Addressing genetic diversity and application of appropriate breeding strategies are imperative for Bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea L.) improvement as a newly introduced legume in Malaysia.
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